英譯概念：Reform and opening-up（改革開放）
【明報專訊】In 1978, Deng Xiaoping(鄧小平), who was then a Chinese leader, proposed the "reform and opening-up'' policy aiming to promote China's modernization and development through reforming its economic and political systems and opening its doors to foreign investment. Market economy, under the name of socialism with Chinese characteristics, came into existence on the mainland. An economic boom followed. In 2010, China became the second largest economy in the world after the United States.
Economic transformation
and the development of trade in services
As Chinese President Xi Jinping(習近平) pointed out in May 2016, the Chinese economy was faced with an acute structural problem, which necessitated reforms of the supply side(供給側改革). This means adjusting the industrial structure, which in practice involves adhering to the laws of the market and making good use of the market mechanism to solve problems.
In the first days of China's reform and opening-up, efforts were focused on developing labour-intensive industries. Thirty-nine years into the reform and opening-up policy, because of rising costs and diminishing labour supply, it is important to shift to high value-added industries. In the "thirteenth five-year plan"( 「十三五規劃」)period, the Chinese government will devote its efforts mainly to developing trade in services and leveraging the advancement of the Internet to foster the growth of emerging trade in services such as finance, insurance, telecommunications and accounting.
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Under China's political system, the Communist Party of China runs the country. Two major organs of administration are the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Xi Jinping is both General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and President of the People's Republic of China. Such a concentration of power makes it easier to carry out policies, but some criticise the system for being authoritarian. As part of the "thirteenth five-year plan", the authorities will speed up the reform of the administrative system so as to establish the rule of law, promote clean government and ratchet up the campaign against corruption. However, the government has yet to make any systemic move to reform the political system.
The biggest country in foreign trade
China's foreign trade has been growing ever since Beijing began to pursue its reform and opening-up policy. In 2015, China was the biggest exporter in the world, accounting for 13.8% of the exports in international markets. The Chinese government began in 2013 its experiment of institutional opening-up and has since set up trial free trade zones in Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin and Fujian.
One belt, one road
In 2013 the Chinese President laid out his visions of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road, which is abbreviated to "one belt, one road"(「一帶一路」). With China's neighbours and an economic cooperation framework involving countries along the belt and the road as its backbone, the policy has made it even more necessary for China to open itself to the rest of the world.
